APPROPRIATE USE OF ORAL ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS EVALUATION IN NONDIALYSIS CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENT OF PRIVATE HOSPITAL IN EAST BEKASI 2018-2020
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47522/jmk.v1iIAHSC.123Keywords:
Antihypertensive, Consecutive sampling, CKD, Evaluation, HypertensiveAbstract
Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is currently one of the most common diseases and being a concern in the world, including in Indonesia. The number of patients with CKD tends to increase year by year. Hypertension is a cause and effect of CKD and contributes to its development. This study aimed to evaluate the appropriateness use of oral antihypertensive drugs in patients with chronic kidney disease of private hospital in East Bekasi for the 2018-2020 period.
Method: The method used in this study was observational data taken retrospectively from the medical records of non- dialysis chronic kidney disease patients. The study population were all patients diagnosed with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease at the inpatient installation of private hospital in East Bekasi. The sample was taken by consecutive sampling method where the sample was determined based on the inclusion criteria of 50 patients.
Results: Evaluation of drug use in this study included right patient, right indication, right medication and right dose. The following results were obtained: right patient was 100%, right indication was 98%, right medication was 86% and right dose was 94.84%.
Conclusion It can be concluded that evaluation of oral antihypertensive drugs usage in patients with chronic kidney disease need to be done so that the contribution of hypertension to CKD development decreases.
References
Alaydrus, S., & Toding, N. (2019). Pola Penggunaan Obat Hipertensi Pada Pasien Geriatri Di Rumah Sakit Anutapura Palu Periode 08 Juli-08 Agustus 2019. Jurnal Mandala Pharmacon Indonesia, 5(02), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.35311/jmpi.v5i02.46
Anita, D. C. (2016). Status Nutrisi Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronis Dengan Diabetes Mellitus Dan Non- Diabetes Mellitus. Media Ilmu Kesehatan, 5(2), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.30989/mik.v5i2.56
Anita, D. C. (2020). Penilaian Status Gizi Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronis Melalui Biokimiawi Darah. Universitas ’Aisyiyah Yogyakarta.
Armstrong, C. (2014). JNC 8 guidelines for the management of hypertension in adults. American Family Physician, 90(7), 503–504.
Ashley, C. A. D. (2019). The Renal Drug Handbook: The Ultimate Prescribing Guide for Renal Practitioners, 4th edition. In European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy (Vol. 5). https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2016-000883
Brunton, L. L. J. S. L. K. L. P. (2006). The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. In McGraw-Hill (Vol.7). https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.seda.2018.06.002
Charles, Lacy F, Lora L. Armstrong, Morton P. Goldman, L. L. L. (2009). Drug Information Handbook: Vol. edisi 17. Lexi-comp.
Chobanian, A. V., Bakris, G. L., Black, H. R., Cushman, W. C., Green, L. A., Izzo, J. L., Jones, D. W., Materson, B. J., Oparil, S., Wright, J. T., & Roccella, E. J. (2003). Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension, 42(6), 1206–1252. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2 Dani, R., Utami, G. T., & Bayhakki. (2015). Hubungan Motivasi, Harapan, dan Dukungan Petugas
Kesehatan Terhadap Kepatuhan Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronik Untuk Menjalani Hemodialisis. JOM, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11139-020-00300-y
Depkes. (2017). InfoDATIN Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementerian Kesehatan RI: Situasi Penyakit Ginjal Kronis. 1–10. www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/infodatin/
Dipiro, J. T. (2005). Pharmacotherapy. In McGraw-Hill (Vol. 6). https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1980.00040020897004
Edmonston, D. L., & Sparks, M. A. (2020). Therapeutic options for chronic kidney disease-associated pulmonary hypertension. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 29(5), 497–507. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNH.0000000000000624
Erwinanto, Santoso, A., Putranto, J. N., Tedjasukmana, P., Suryawan, R., Rifqi, S., & Kasiman, S. (2015). Pedoman Tatalaksana Dislipidemia PERKI 2013. Indonesian Journal of Cardiology, 34(4), 245–270. https://doi.org/10.30701/ijc.v34i4.385
Fadhilah, A. Z. (2014). Chronic Kidney Disease Stage V. Definitions, 1(2), 110–113. https://doi.org/10.32388/yzopkc
Febriana, L. (2015). Hubungan Antara Kondisi Komorbid dan Mortalitas pada Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronik yang Menjalani Hemodialisis di RSU Dokter Soedarso Pontianak. Universitas Tanjungpura. https://doi.org/10.1145/3132847.3132886
Garini, A. (2018). Kadar Hemoglobin Pada Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronik Yang Menjalani Hemodialisis. JPP (Jurnal Kesehatan Poltekkes Palembang), 13(2), 111–116. https://doi.org/10.36086/jpp.v13i2.234
Guerrero-García, C., & Rubio-Guerra, A. F. (2018). Combination therapy in the treatment of hypertension. Drugs in Context, 7, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.7573/dic.212531 Guidelines. (2020). Hypertension – Diagnosis and Management.
Herzog, C. A., Asinger, R. W., Berger, A. K., Charytan, D. M., Díez, J., Hart, R. G., Eckardt, K. U.,
Kasiske, B. L., McCullough, P. A., Passman, R. S., Deloach, S. S., Pun, P. H., & Ritz, E. (2011). Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. A clinical update from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney International, 80(6), 572–586. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.223
Hill, Nathan R. Fatoba, Samuel T. Jennifer A. Hirst1, C., & A. O’Callaghan, Daniel S. Lasserson, F. D. R.H. (2009). Prevalence of chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Nephrology, 71(3), 244–254. https://doi.org/10.5414/CNP71244
Husna, N., & Larasati, N. (2019). Evaluasi Penggunaan Terapi Antihipertensi Pada Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronik Dengan Hemodialisis. Media Ilmu Kesehatan, 8(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.30989/mik.v8i1.249
Hutagaol, E. V. (2017). Peningkatan Kualitas Hidup pada Penderita Gagal Ginjal Kronik yang Menjalani Terapi Hemodialisa Melalui Psychological Intervention di Unit Hemodialisa RS Royal Medan tahun 2016. Jurnal JUMANTIK, 2(1), 42–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2015.1047603
IRR. (2014). Report Of Indonesia Renal Registry. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.02370316
IRR. (2017). 10 th Report Of Indonesian Renal Registry 2016. 1–46. IRR. (2018). 11th Report Of Indonesian Renal Registry 2018. Irr, 1–46. https://www.indonesianrenalregistry.org/data/IRR 2018.pdf JNC. (2014). JNC 8 Hypertension Guideline Algorithm. 311(5).
Kamaliah, N. I. Al, Cahaya, N., & Rahmah, S. (2021). Gambaran Karakteristik Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronik Yang Menggunakan Suplemen Kalsium di Poliklinik Sub Spesialis Ginjal Hipertensi Rawat Jalan RSUD Ulin Banjarmasin. Jurnal Pharmascience, 8(1), 111. https://doi.org/10.20527/jps.v8i1.8599
Kandarini, Y. (2017). Tatalaksana Farmakologi Terapi Hipertensi. Divisi Ginjal Dan Hipertensi RSUP Sanglah Denpasar.
Kario, K., Tomitani, N., Kanegae, H., Ishii, H., Uchiyama, K., Yamagiwa, K., Shiraiwa, T., Katsuya, T., Yoshida, T., Kanda, K., Hasegawa, S., & Hoshide, S. (2017). Comparative effects of an Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB)/Diuretic vs. ARB/calcium-channel blocker combination on uncontrolled nocturnal hypertension evaluated by information and communication technology-based nocturnal home blood pressure monitorin. Circulation Journal, 81(7), 948–957. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ- 17-0109
Katzung, B. G., Masters, S. B., & Trevor, A. J. (2013). Farmakologi Dasar & Klinik Edisi 12. In Buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta. (12th ed., Issue 9). McGraw-Hill Medical.
KDIGO. (2013). Chapter 1: Definition and classification of CKD. Kidney International Supplements, 3(1), 19–62. https://doi.org/10.1038/kisup.2012.64
KDIGO. (2017). The interpretation of KDIGO 2017 clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD- MBD). Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 17(8), 869–875. https://doi.org/10.7507/1672- 2531.201708015
KDIGO. (2021). KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney International, 99(3), S1–S87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.11.003
Kemenkes. (2016). Anatomi Fisiologi Manusia (A. S. Raimudus Chalik, Ida Malati Sadjati, Sunarti (ed.)). Pusdik SDM Kesehatan, Badan Pengembangan dan Pemberdayaan Sumber Daya Manusia Kesehatan. https://ejournal.poltektegal.ac.id/index.php/siklus/article/view/298%0Ahttp://repositorio.unan.edu.ni/2 986/1/5624.pdf%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2015.10.005%0Ahttp://www.biomedcentral.com/ 1471-2458/12/58%0Ahttp://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&P
Kementrian kesehatan RI. (2017a). Anatomi Fisiologi. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Kementrian kesehatan RI. (2017b). Petunjuk Teknis Evaluasi Penggunaan Obat Di Fasilitas Kesehatan. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 1–50.
Kepada, D., Ilmu, F., Universitas, K., & Mataram, M. (2019). Diajukan Kepada Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram Sebagai Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Ahli Madya Farmasi”.
Kudo, D., Yoshida, Y., & Kushimoto, S. (2017). Permissive hypotension/hypotensive resuscitation and restricted/controlled resuscitation in patients with severe trauma. Journal of Intensive Care, 5(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40560-016-0202-z
Lee, Y. Bin, Lee, J. S., Hong, S. hyeon, Kim, J. A., Roh, E., Yoo, H. J., Baik, S. H., & Choi, K. M. (2021).Optimal blood pressure for patients with chronic kidney disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81328-y
Levey, A. S., Schoolwerth, A. C., Burrows, N. R., Williams, D. E., Stith, K. R., & McClellan, W. (2009). Comprehensive Public Health Strategies for Preventing the Development, Progression, and Complications of CKD: Report of an Expert Panel Convened by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 53(3), 522–535. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.11.019
Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Morris, P. B., Ballantyne, C. M., Birtcher, K. K., Daly, D. D., DePalma, S. M., Minissian, M. B., Orringer, C. E., & Smith, S. C. (2017). 2017 Focused Update of the 2016 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Role of Non-Statin Therapies for LDL-Cholesterol Lowering in the Management of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Task Fo. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 70(14), 1785–1822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.745
Lubis, A. R., Tarigan, R. R., Nasution, B. R., Ramadani, S., & Vegas, A. (2016). Pedoman penatalaksanaan gagal ginjal kronik. Divisi Nefrologi- Hipertensi Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, 1–31.
Lukela, J. R., Harrison, R. V., Jimbo, M., Mahallati, A., Saran, R., & Annie, Z. (2019). Management of Chronic Kidney Disease Key points. UMHS Chronic Kidney Disease Guideline, July, 1–27.
Luyckx, V. A., Stanifer, J. W., & Tonelli, M. (2018). World Health Organization. Global Burden Of Kidney Disea. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, March, 414–422. https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/96/6/17-206441-ab/es/
Lydia, A., & Pringgodigdo, N. (2018). Kondisi kesehatan ginjal masyarakat Indonesia dan perkembangannya. Perhimpunan Nefrologi Indonesia, 1–25.
Mancia, G., Fagard, R., Narkiewicz, K., Redon, J., Zanchetti, A., Böhm, M., Christiaens, T., Cifkova, R., De Backer, G., Dominiczak, A., Galderisi, M., Grobbee, D. E., Jaarsma, T., Kirchhof, P., Kjeldsen, S. E., Laurent, S., Manolis, A. J., Nilsson, P. M., Ruilope, L. M., … Wood, D. A. (2013). ESC Hypertension Guidelines for The Management of Arterial Hypertension. European Heart Journal,34(28), 2159–2219. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht151
Matzke, G. R., Aronoff, G. R., Atkinson, A. J., Bennett, W. M., Decker, B. S., Eckardt, K. U., Golper, T., Grabe, D. W., Kasiske, B., Keller, F., Kielstein, J. T., Mehta, R., Mueller, B. A., Pasko, D. A., Schaefer, F., Sica, D. A., Inker, L. A., Umans, J. G., & Murray, P. (2011). Drug dosing consideration in patients with acute and chronic kidney diseasea clinical update from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney International, 80(11), 1122–1137. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.322
McPhee, S. J., & Ganong, W. F. (2007). Fisiopatología médica: introducción a la medicina clínica (p.754).
Menkes, R. (2011). Modul penggunaan obat rasional. Kementerian Kesehatan RI, 1–192.
Muchtar, N. R., Tjitrosantoso, H., & Bodhi, W. (2015). Studi Penggunaan Obat Antihipertensi Pada Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronik Yang Menjalani Perawatan Di Rsup Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado Periode Juli 2013 - Juni 2014. Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 4(3), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.4.2015.8833
Muti, A. F., & Chasanah, U. (2016). Evaluasi Rasionalitas Penggunaan Diuretic pada Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronik yang Dirawat Inap di RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang. Sainstech Farma, 9(2), 23–31.
Nathional Health Service. (2012). Enfermedad Renal Crónica en Inglaterra. 44. https://www.england.nhs.uk/improvement-hub/wp-content/uploads/sites/44/2017/11/Chronic-Kidney- Disease-in-England-The-Human-and-Financial-Cost.pdf
Ndraha, Suzanna. Jean Nadya PR, Marshell Tendean, M. S. (2018). Gambaran Penyakit Ginjal Kronik dan Komplikasinya di RSUD Koja Periode Juli-November 2017. 24(67), 1–4.
PERNEFRI. (2020). Integreted Collaboration for Excellent Kidney Care.
Pradningsih, A., Nopitasari, B. L., Nurbaety, B., & Zuhroh, H. (2020). Evaluasi Penggunaan Obat Antihipertensi pada Pasien Gagal Jantung Rawat Jalan di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Lumbung Farmasi: Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian, 1(2), 66. https://doi.org/10.31764/lf.v1i2.2542
Pranandari, R., & Supadmi, W. (2015). Faktor Risiko Gagal Ginjal Kronik di Unit Hemodialisis RSUD wates Kulon Progo. Majalah Farmaseutik, 11(2), 316–320. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1655531
Prastiwi, A. D., & Wibowo, W. A. (2009). Efusi Pleura Eksudatif pada Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronis yang Menjalani Hemodialisa Rutin. https://publikasiilmiah.ums.ac.id/xmlui/handle/11617/11239
Price, S. A., & Wilson, L. M. (2012). Patofisiologi Konsep Klinis Proses-Proses Penyakit (D. A. M. Huriawati Hartanto, Natalia Susi, Pita Wulansari (ed.); 6th ed.).
Pugh, D., Gallacher, P. J., & Dhaun, N. (2019). Management of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease. Drugs, 79(4), 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-019-1064-1 RISKESDAS. (2013a). Penyajian Pokok-Pokok Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013.
RISKESDAS. (2013b). Riset Kesehatan Dasar. In Trihono (Ed.), Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementrian Kesehatan RI. Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1517/13543784.7.5.803
Rivandi, J., & Yonata, A. (2015). Hubungan Diabetes Melitus Dengan Kejadian Gagal Ginjal Kronik. Jurnal Majority, 4(9), 27–34. http://juke.kedokteran.unila.ac.id/index.php/majority/article/view/1404/1246
Ruebner, R. L., & Pradhan, M. (2018). Chronic kidney disease. The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 8th Edition, May, 194–195.
Sa’idah, D., Sugihantoro, H., Hakim, A., & Maimunah, S. (2019). Evaluasi Rasionalitas Penggunaan Obat Antihipertensi di Instalasi Rawat Jalan RSUD dr. Soegiri Lamongan Periode Tahun 2017. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 17(1), 107. https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v17i1.650
Sagita, Tiffany Christine. Andreas Arie Setiawan, H. (2018). Hubungan Derajat Keparahan Gagal Ginjal Kronik Dengan Kejadian Penyakit Jantung Koroner. Diponegoro Medical Journal (Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro), 7(2), 472–484.
Salwa, A. (2013). Evaluasi Penggunaan Obat Antihipertensi pada Pasien Hipertensi dengan Gagal Ginjal di Instalasi Rawat Inap RS “X” tahun 2010. Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
Saran, R., Robinson, B., Abbott, K. C., Bragg-Gresham, J., Chen, X., Gipson, D., Gu, H., Hirth, R. A., Hutton, D., Jin, Y., Kapke, A., Kurtz, V., Li, Y., McCullough, K., Modi, Z., Morgenstern, H., Mukhopadhyay, P., Pearson, J., Pisoni, R., … Shahinian, V. (2020). US Renal Data System 2019 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 75(1), A6–A7. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.09.003
Sarwana, S. (2016). Hubungan penyakit ginjal kronik dengan anemia pada pasien rawat inap RSUD Bari Palembang tahun 2014. 52.
Sastroasmoro, S. (2011). Dasar-dasar metodologi penelitian klinis. Sagung seto.
Senduk, C. R., Palar, S., & Rotty, L. W. A. (2016). Hubungan anemia dengan kualitas hidup pasien penyakit ginjal kronik yang sedang menjalani hemodialisis reguler. E-CliniC, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.35790/ecl.4.1.2016.10941
Sinaga, C. R. H. T. F. (2017). Evaluasi Kerasionalan Penggunaan Antibiotik Pada Pasien Gagal Ginjal Di Rsup Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Pharmacon, 6(3), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.6.2017.16512
Sinha, A. D., & Agarwal, R. (2019). Clinical pharmacology of antihypertensive therapy for the treatment of hypertension in CKD. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 14(5), 757–764. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04330418
Sirait, F. R. H. M. I. sari. (2017). Ensefalopati Uremikum pada Gagal Ginjal Kronis Uremic Encephalophaty in Chronic Kidney Disease. Jurnal Medula, 7, 19–24. http://repository.lppm.unila.ac.id/5039/1/J Medula UnilaVolume 7Nomor 1Januari 2017.pdf
Smith, D. K., Lennon, R. P., & Carlsgaard, P. B. (2020). Managing Hypertension Using Combination Therapy. American Family Physician, 101(6), 341–349.
Sukandar, E. Y. (2011). Iso Farmakoterapi. Ikatan Apoteker Indonesia.
Tamsil, Y., Moeis, E. S., & Wantania, F. (2020). Gambaran Anemia pada Subjek Penyakit Ginjal Kronik Stadium 4 dan 5 di Poliklinik Ginjal-Hipertensi RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou. E-CliniC, 8(1), 60–66. https://doi.org/10.35790/ecl.8.1.2020.27097
Tandi, M., Mongan, A., & Manoppo, F. (2014). Hubungan Antara Derajat Penyakit Ginjal Kronik Dengan Nilai Agregasi Trombosit Di Rsup Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Jurnal E-Biomedik, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.35790/ebm.2.2.2014.5076
Tortora, G. J. (2011). Principles of Anatomi and Physiologi. Wiley. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=uNwfOPPYgKAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
Triastuti, I. (2017). A cute kidney injury (AKI). Universitas Udayana. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642- 54859-8_13
Tripathi, K. (2013). Medical Pharmacology seventh edition. In Bmj (7th ed., Vol. 2, Issue 5260). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5260.1131
Tuloli, T. S., Madania, Adam, M. M., & Tuli, E. P. (2019). Evaluasi penggunaan obat pada pasien gagal ginjal kronik yang menjalani hemodialisis di Rsud Toto Kabila periode 2017-2018. Parapemikir: Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 8(2), 25–32.
Unger, T., Borghi, C., Charchar, F., Khan, N. A., Poulter, N. R., Prabhakaran, D., Ramirez, A., Schlaich, M., Stergiou, G. S., Tomaszewski, M., Wainford, R. D., Williams, B., & Schutte, A. E. (2020). 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines. Hypertension, 75(6), 1334–1357. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026
Velasquez, M. T. (2015). Management of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease. In Chronic Renal Disease. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-411602-3.00052-4
Weber, M. A., Schiffrin, E. L., White, W. B., Mann, S., Lindholm, L. H., Kenerson, J. G., Flack, J. M., Carter, B. L., Materson, B. J., Ram, C. V. S., Cohen, D. L., Cadet, J. C., Jean-Charles, R. R., Taler, S., Kountz, D., Townsend, R. R., Chalmers, J., Ramirez, A. J., Bakris, G. L., … Harrap, S. B. (2014). Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension in the Community: A Statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension in the Comm. Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 16(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.12237
Wells, Barbara G., DiPiro, J. T., Schwinghammer, T. L., & DiPiro, C. V. (2015). Pharmacotherapy Handbook (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-8193
Wells, Barbbara G., DiPiro, J. T., Schwinghammer, T. L., & DiPiro, C. V. (2009). PharmacotherapyHandbook. In The Annals of Pharmacotherapy (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.10237
Wibawa, P. P. (2016). Ginjal dan urine. Diktat Biokimia, 1–33. https://simdos.unud.ac.id/uploads/file_pendidikan_1_dir/bbaf9351825f25035476868944b4f17f.pdf
Yusman, F. A., Dewi, R. T. K., Mashuri, Y. A., Nurhayatun, E., & Giani, M. T. (2020). Faktor yang Berkaitan dengan Kejadian Asites pada Pasien Penyakit Ginjal Kronik yang Menjalani Hemodialisis di RSUD Dr Moewardi Surakarta: Sebuah Studi Potong Lintang. Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia, 7(3), 154. https://doi.org/10.7454/jpdi.v7i3.420
Zhang, Q. L., & Rothenbacher, D. (2008). Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in population-based studies: Systematic review. BMC Public Health, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-117
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Jurnal Mitra Kesehatan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Mitra Kesehatan memberikan akses terbuka terhadap siapapun agar informasi pada artikel ini dapat bermanfaat bagi orang banyak. Jurnal dapat diakses tanpa dipungut biaya, sesuai dengan lisensi creative commons yang digunakan.